In legal proceedings, what does "testimony" refer to?

Testimony refers specifically to the evidence provided by a witness during a legal proceeding, typically given under oath. This ensures that the witness is legally bound to tell the truth, adding credibility and reliability to the information provided. Testimony can include oral statements made in court, as well as depositions and sworn statements made outside of court. It plays a critical role in the judicial process by allowing the court to hear direct accounts and observations relevant to the case, contributing to the establishment of facts and helping judges or juries reach a verdict.

The other options each represent different elements of the legal system. The final statement made by a judge is more aligned with judicial rulings or pronunciations, not testimony. Legal arguments are presented by lawyers to persuade the court of their position, which is distinct from witness testimony. Finally, a written record of court proceedings captures all that transpires during a trial, but it does not constitute testimony itself; rather, it is a documentation of the overall process.